Paragraph 2: Procedure applicable to the interoperability of technological measures

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Article R331-36

French Intellectual Property CodeIn force

Updated 7 Nov 2023

I.-At the end of the procedure provided for in Article R. 331-35, the Autorité de régulation de la communication audiovisuelle et numérique may, in a reasoned decision, either reject the application referred to it or order the holder of the rights to the technical measure to take the appropriate measures to ensure that the applicant has access to the information essential for interoperability.

When issuing an injunction, the authority shall define the conditions of access to such information, in particular:

1° The duration of such access and its scope;

2° The compensation that the applicant must pay to the holder of the rights in the technological measure, where the applicant submits a justified request to that end. The injunction takes effect at the earliest on the date of payment of the compensation to the latter or on the date of deposit of this sum in accordance with the procedures laid down by the authority. The amount of this compensation will take into account the economic value of the information provided to the applicant.

The authority will also specify the undertakings that the applicant must comply with in order to guarantee, on the one hand, the effectiveness and integrity of the technical measure and, on the other hand, the conditions of use of the protected content and the means of accessing it. These commitments may include the obligation to have an expert appointed by the authority verify that the effectiveness and integrity of the technological measure are respected. These commitments also cover the conditions for publication of the source code and technical documentation in application of the provisions of the third paragraph of Article L. 331-29, where the applicant declares to the authority that it intends to publish these elements.

II.-The authority may attach a penalty to this injunction, the amount and effective date of which it sets. If the authority establishes, from that date, on its own initiative or at the request of any interested party, that the measures it has prescribed have not been taken, it will pay the penalty. This may be provisional or definitive. It must be considered provisional, unless the authority has specified that it is definitive. The authority may moderate or cancel the provisional astreinte, even if non-compliance has been established.

Mariela Petrova

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Working with a corporate lawyer in France — Q&A

Any time a strategic decision changes how the company is owned, governed or contractually bound — incorporation, fundraising, M&A, restructuring, shareholder agreements, or major commercial contracts. Earlier engagement always costs less than later remediation.

A notary (notaire) is a public officer who authenticates specific deeds (mainly real-estate transfers and certain family-law acts). A corporate lawyer (avocat) advises on strategy, negotiates and drafts company documents, and represents you in disputes. The two roles complement rather than overlap.

Yes — most of our clients are foreign suppliers, investors or holding entities. We bridge the gap between French law and your home jurisdiction's expectations and deliver everything bilingually.

The SAS (Société par Actions Simplifiée) is the default choice for most international structures: flexible governance, single shareholder allowed, no minimum capital, and works cleanly with foreign holding entities. We assess SARL, SA, SCI on the merits when the situation calls for it.

Yes — communications with a French avocat are protected by the secret professionnel (Article 66-5 of the Law of 31 December 1971). This protection is broader than the common-law attorney-client privilege and applies to written and oral exchanges.

We work on fixed fees for clearly scoped engagements (incorporation, contract drafting, audits) and on monthly retainers for ongoing advisory. Hourly billing is the exception, not the default. You always know the cost before work starts.

Typical timeline is 2–3 weeks from KYC kick-off to RCS registration, assuming standard documentation. Holding-company structures, foreign-shareholder identification or in-kind contributions can extend this — we flag the gating items at the first meeting.

Absolutely. We routinely coordinate with your in-house counsel, expert-comptable or notaire — pragmatic collaboration is the norm, not the exception. We send them everything they need to do their part without duplicating work.

Mariela Petrova

Mariela Petrova

Avocate au Barreau de Paris

Toque #C2396

15+ Years In Corporate Practice

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Communications protected by professional secrecy — secret professionnel de l'avocat, Article 66-5 of the Law of 31 December 1971.

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