Section 2: Sole traders with limited liability

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Article L526-12

French Commercial codeIn force

Updated 7 Nov 2023

I.-The composition of the affected assets may be relied on ipso jure against creditors whose rights arose after the declaration referred to in article L. 526-7.


By derogation from articles 2284 and 2285 of the Civil Code:


<1° Creditors to whom the declaration is enforceable and whose rights arose during the exercise of the professional activity to which the assets are assigned have the assigned assets as their sole general pledge;


2° Other creditors to whom the declaration is enforceable have the unassigned assets as their sole general pledge.


Where the assignment results from an entry in the accounts pursuant to article L. 526-8-1 of this Code, it may be relied upon as against third parties from the date of filing of the balance sheet of the individual limited liability entrepreneur or, where applicable, of the document or documents resulting from the simplified accounting obligations provided for in the second paragraph of Article L. 526-13 from the register where the entrepreneur is registered.


II.-Where the value of an asset of the affected assets, other than cash, mentioned in the descriptive statement provided for in article L. 526-8 or in the accounts, is greater than its actual value at the time of its allocation, the individual limited liability entrepreneur is liable, for a period of five years, to third parties in respect of all of his assets, whether allocated or not, for the difference between the actual value of the asset at the time of allocation and the value stated in the descriptive statement or in the accounts.


He is also liable for all of his assets and rights in the event of fraud or serious breach of the obligations set out in Article L. 526-13.


In the event of insufficient unaffected assets, the general lien of the creditors mentioned in 2° of I of this article may be exercised on the profit made by the individual limited liability entrepreneur during the last closed financial year.

Mariela Petrova

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Working with a corporate lawyer in France — Q&A

Any time a strategic decision changes how the company is owned, governed or contractually bound — incorporation, fundraising, M&A, restructuring, shareholder agreements, or major commercial contracts. Earlier engagement always costs less than later remediation.

A notary (notaire) is a public officer who authenticates specific deeds (mainly real-estate transfers and certain family-law acts). A corporate lawyer (avocat) advises on strategy, negotiates and drafts company documents, and represents you in disputes. The two roles complement rather than overlap.

Yes — most of our clients are foreign suppliers, investors or holding entities. We bridge the gap between French law and your home jurisdiction's expectations and deliver everything bilingually.

The SAS (Société par Actions Simplifiée) is the default choice for most international structures: flexible governance, single shareholder allowed, no minimum capital, and works cleanly with foreign holding entities. We assess SARL, SA, SCI on the merits when the situation calls for it.

Yes — communications with a French avocat are protected by the secret professionnel (Article 66-5 of the Law of 31 December 1971). This protection is broader than the common-law attorney-client privilege and applies to written and oral exchanges.

We work on fixed fees for clearly scoped engagements (incorporation, contract drafting, audits) and on monthly retainers for ongoing advisory. Hourly billing is the exception, not the default. You always know the cost before work starts.

Typical timeline is 2–3 weeks from KYC kick-off to RCS registration, assuming standard documentation. Holding-company structures, foreign-shareholder identification or in-kind contributions can extend this — we flag the gating items at the first meeting.

Absolutely. We routinely coordinate with your in-house counsel, expert-comptable or notaire — pragmatic collaboration is the norm, not the exception. We send them everything they need to do their part without duplicating work.

Mariela Petrova

Mariela Petrova

Avocate au Barreau de Paris

Toque #C2396

15+ Years In Corporate Practice

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Communications protected by professional secrecy — secret professionnel de l'avocat, Article 66-5 of the Law of 31 December 1971.

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