Sub-section 2: Mergers involving joint stock companies or limited liability companies

Articles in this section · 10

Article L236-9

French Commercial codeIn force

Updated 7 Nov 2023

I.-The merger is decided by the extraordinary general meeting of each of the companies participating in the transaction.

The merger is subject, where applicable, in each of the companies participating in the transaction, to ratification by the special shareholders' meetings referred to in articles L. 225-99 and L. 228-15.

The draft terms of merger are submitted to the special meetings of holders of investment certificates acting in accordance with the rules of the general meeting of shareholders, unless the acquiring company acquires these securities at their request, in accordance with the conditions of publicity, the terms of which are set by decree in the Conseil d'Etat, and unless this acquisition has been accepted by their special meeting. Any holders of investment certificates who have not sold their securities within the period set by decree in the Conseil d'Etat shall remain holders of such securities in the acquiring company under the conditions set by the merger agreement, subject to the provisions of the last paragraph of Article L. 228-30.

Unless the shareholders of the companies participating in the merger decide otherwise under the conditions provided for in II of Article L. 236-10, the board of directors or management board of each company participating in the transaction shall draw up a written report which shall be made available to the shareholders.

The boards of directors or management boards of the companies participating in the operation shall inform their respective shareholders, before the date of the general meeting provided for in the first paragraph, of any material change in their assets and liabilities occurring between the date on which the draft terms of merger are drawn up and the date of the general meetings referred to in the same paragraph.

They shall also notify the boards of directors or management boards of the other companies participating in the transaction so that they can inform their shareholders of these changes.

The procedures for implementing this information shall be determined by decree in the Conseil d'Etat.

II.-Notwithstanding the first paragraph of I, the Extraordinary General Meeting of the acquiring company may delegate its authority to the Board of Directors or the Management Board, as the case may be, to decide on a merger by absorption for a period which it shall determine and which may not exceed twenty-six months. The Extraordinary General Meeting of the acquiring company which decides on a merger by absorption may also delegate authority to the Board of Directors or the Management Board, as the case may be, to determine the definitive terms of the draft terms of merger, for a period which it shall determine and which may not exceed five years.

When it applies for either of these delegations, the Board of Directors or the Management Board shall draw up a written report which shall be made available to the shareholders.

When the Extraordinary General Meeting makes use of one of the options provided for in the first paragraph of this II and the merger requires a capital increase, it also delegates, by a specific resolution and under the conditions provided for in articles L. 225-129 to L. 225-129-5, its power or competence to decide on the capital increase enabling the allocation of equity securities to the members of the absorbed company or companies.

When the Extraordinary General Meeting makes use of one of the options provided for in the first paragraph of this II, one or more shareholders of the acquiring company representing at least 5% of the share capital may apply to the courts, within a period set by decree in the Conseil d'Etat, for the appointment of an agent for the purpose of convening the Extraordinary General Meeting of the acquiring company to vote on the approval of the merger or the draft terms of merger.

Mariela Petrova

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Common Questions

Working with a corporate lawyer in France — Q&A

Any time a strategic decision changes how the company is owned, governed or contractually bound — incorporation, fundraising, M&A, restructuring, shareholder agreements, or major commercial contracts. Earlier engagement always costs less than later remediation.

A notary (notaire) is a public officer who authenticates specific deeds (mainly real-estate transfers and certain family-law acts). A corporate lawyer (avocat) advises on strategy, negotiates and drafts company documents, and represents you in disputes. The two roles complement rather than overlap.

Yes — most of our clients are foreign suppliers, investors or holding entities. We bridge the gap between French law and your home jurisdiction's expectations and deliver everything bilingually.

The SAS (Société par Actions Simplifiée) is the default choice for most international structures: flexible governance, single shareholder allowed, no minimum capital, and works cleanly with foreign holding entities. We assess SARL, SA, SCI on the merits when the situation calls for it.

Yes — communications with a French avocat are protected by the secret professionnel (Article 66-5 of the Law of 31 December 1971). This protection is broader than the common-law attorney-client privilege and applies to written and oral exchanges.

We work on fixed fees for clearly scoped engagements (incorporation, contract drafting, audits) and on monthly retainers for ongoing advisory. Hourly billing is the exception, not the default. You always know the cost before work starts.

Typical timeline is 2–3 weeks from KYC kick-off to RCS registration, assuming standard documentation. Holding-company structures, foreign-shareholder identification or in-kind contributions can extend this — we flag the gating items at the first meeting.

Absolutely. We routinely coordinate with your in-house counsel, expert-comptable or notaire — pragmatic collaboration is the norm, not the exception. We send them everything they need to do their part without duplicating work.

Mariela Petrova

Mariela Petrova

Avocate au Barreau de Paris

Toque #C2396

15+ Years In Corporate Practice

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Communications protected by professional secrecy — secret professionnel de l'avocat, Article 66-5 of the Law of 31 December 1971.

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