Subsection 1: General provisions

Articles in this section · 4

Article R1232-4-4

French Public Health CodeIn force

Updated 5 Nov 2023

I.-A person may refuse to have an organ removed from him or her after his or her death, primarily by registering on the automated national register of organ removal refusals under the conditions set out in sub-section 2 of this section.

II -A person may also express their refusal in writing and entrust this document to someone close to them. This document must be dated and signed by the author, who must be duly identified by stating his or her surname, first name, date and place of birth.

When a person, although capable of expressing their wishes, is unable to write and sign this document themselves, they may ask two witnesses to certify that the document they were unable to draw up themselves is the expression of their free and informed wishes. These witnesses state their name and capacity and their attestation is attached to the document expressing the refusal.

The document is forwarded by a close relative to the hospital sampling coordination team defined in 3° of article R. 1233-7.

III - A relative of the deceased person may assert a refusal to organ removal that this person expressly stated during his or her lifetime.

This relative or the hospital organ procurement co-ordination team shall record this refusal in writing, giving precise details of the context and circumstances in which it was expressed. This document is dated and signed by the relative expressing this refusal and by the hospital sampling coordination team.

IV - The documents mentioned in II or III are placed in the medical file of the person concerned.

Mariela Petrova

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Working with a corporate lawyer in France — Q&A

Any time a strategic decision changes how the company is owned, governed or contractually bound — incorporation, fundraising, M&A, restructuring, shareholder agreements, or major commercial contracts. Earlier engagement always costs less than later remediation.

A notary (notaire) is a public officer who authenticates specific deeds (mainly real-estate transfers and certain family-law acts). A corporate lawyer (avocat) advises on strategy, negotiates and drafts company documents, and represents you in disputes. The two roles complement rather than overlap.

Yes — most of our clients are foreign suppliers, investors or holding entities. We bridge the gap between French law and your home jurisdiction's expectations and deliver everything bilingually.

The SAS (Société par Actions Simplifiée) is the default choice for most international structures: flexible governance, single shareholder allowed, no minimum capital, and works cleanly with foreign holding entities. We assess SARL, SA, SCI on the merits when the situation calls for it.

Yes — communications with a French avocat are protected by the secret professionnel (Article 66-5 of the Law of 31 December 1971). This protection is broader than the common-law attorney-client privilege and applies to written and oral exchanges.

We work on fixed fees for clearly scoped engagements (incorporation, contract drafting, audits) and on monthly retainers for ongoing advisory. Hourly billing is the exception, not the default. You always know the cost before work starts.

Typical timeline is 2–3 weeks from KYC kick-off to RCS registration, assuming standard documentation. Holding-company structures, foreign-shareholder identification or in-kind contributions can extend this — we flag the gating items at the first meeting.

Absolutely. We routinely coordinate with your in-house counsel, expert-comptable or notaire — pragmatic collaboration is the norm, not the exception. We send them everything they need to do their part without duplicating work.

Mariela Petrova

Mariela Petrova

Avocate au Barreau de Paris

Toque #C2396

15+ Years In Corporate Practice

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Communications protected by professional secrecy — secret professionnel de l'avocat, Article 66-5 of the Law of 31 December 1971.

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