Chapter II: Placement and support for jobseekers.

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Article L5312-12-1

French Labour CodeIn force

Updated 6 Nov 2023

Within the institution referred to in Article L. 5312-1, a national ombudsman shall be set up to receive and deal with individual complaints relating to the operation of this institution, without prejudice to existing means of appeal. The National Mediator, who reports to the Director General, coordinates the activities of the Regional Mediators, who report to each Regional Director and receive and process complaints within the territorial jurisdiction of the Regional Directorate. Complaints must be preceded by approaches to the departments concerned.

The national ombudsman is the correspondent of the Défenseur des droits.

Each year, he submits a report to the Board of Directors of the institution mentioned in Article L. 5312-1, in which he makes any proposals he feels are likely to improve the service provided to users. This report is sent to the Minister for Employment, to the National Council for Employment, Training and Vocational Guidance mentioned in article L. 6123-1 and to the Human Rights Defender.

Apart from those involving the institution mentioned in Article L. 5312-1, complaints that fall within the remit of the Human Rights Defender in application of Organic Law No. 2011-333 of 29 March 2011 relating to the Human Rights Defender are forwarded to the latter.

Referral to the Défenseur des droits, within its remit, terminates the complaints procedure.

Mariela Petrova

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Common Questions

Working with a corporate lawyer in France — Q&A

Any time a strategic decision changes how the company is owned, governed or contractually bound — incorporation, fundraising, M&A, restructuring, shareholder agreements, or major commercial contracts. Earlier engagement always costs less than later remediation.

A notary (notaire) is a public officer who authenticates specific deeds (mainly real-estate transfers and certain family-law acts). A corporate lawyer (avocat) advises on strategy, negotiates and drafts company documents, and represents you in disputes. The two roles complement rather than overlap.

Yes — most of our clients are foreign suppliers, investors or holding entities. We bridge the gap between French law and your home jurisdiction's expectations and deliver everything bilingually.

The SAS (Société par Actions Simplifiée) is the default choice for most international structures: flexible governance, single shareholder allowed, no minimum capital, and works cleanly with foreign holding entities. We assess SARL, SA, SCI on the merits when the situation calls for it.

Yes — communications with a French avocat are protected by the secret professionnel (Article 66-5 of the Law of 31 December 1971). This protection is broader than the common-law attorney-client privilege and applies to written and oral exchanges.

We work on fixed fees for clearly scoped engagements (incorporation, contract drafting, audits) and on monthly retainers for ongoing advisory. Hourly billing is the exception, not the default. You always know the cost before work starts.

Typical timeline is 2–3 weeks from KYC kick-off to RCS registration, assuming standard documentation. Holding-company structures, foreign-shareholder identification or in-kind contributions can extend this — we flag the gating items at the first meeting.

Absolutely. We routinely coordinate with your in-house counsel, expert-comptable or notaire — pragmatic collaboration is the norm, not the exception. We send them everything they need to do their part without duplicating work.

Mariela Petrova

Mariela Petrova

Avocate au Barreau de Paris

Toque #C2396

15+ Years In Corporate Practice

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Communications protected by professional secrecy — secret professionnel de l'avocat, Article 66-5 of the Law of 31 December 1971.

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