Chapter I: Illegal practice.

Articles in this section · 6

Article L4161-2

French Public Health CodeIn force

Updated 7 Nov 2023

The practice of dentistry is unlawful:

1° Any person who habitually or by continuous direction, even in the presence of a practitioner, takes part in the practice of dentistry, by consultation, personal act or any other procedures whatsoever, in particular prosthetic procedures;

-without holding a diploma, certificate or other evidence of formal qualifications referred to in article L. 4141-3 and required for the practice of the profession of doctor or dental surgeon, when he/she is not regularly exempted from holding one of these diplomas, certificates or evidence of formal qualifications by application of this book ;

-without fulfilling the other conditions laid down in

article L. 4111-1

, taking into account, where applicable, the exceptions made to these conditions, in particular by articles L. 4111-7 and

L. 4141-3-1

, as well as by article 8 of law no. 71-1026 of 24 December 1971 amending the public health code;

2° Any person who, in possession of a valid title, exceeds the powers conferred on him by law, in particular by assisting the persons mentioned in 1°, with a view to circumventing the provisions of this Title;

3° Any doctor or any dental surgeon who practises dentistry as defined in

article L. 4141-1

for the duration of a temporary ban imposed in application of

article L. 4124-6 ;

4° Any doctor or any dental practitioner referred to in article L. 4112-7 who performs professional acts without fulfilling the conditions or obligations provided for in this article.

The provisions of this article do not apply to the dental students mentioned in the first paragraph of article L. 4141-4.

Mariela Petrova

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Common Questions

Working with a corporate lawyer in France — Q&A

Any time a strategic decision changes how the company is owned, governed or contractually bound — incorporation, fundraising, M&A, restructuring, shareholder agreements, or major commercial contracts. Earlier engagement always costs less than later remediation.

A notary (notaire) is a public officer who authenticates specific deeds (mainly real-estate transfers and certain family-law acts). A corporate lawyer (avocat) advises on strategy, negotiates and drafts company documents, and represents you in disputes. The two roles complement rather than overlap.

Yes — most of our clients are foreign suppliers, investors or holding entities. We bridge the gap between French law and your home jurisdiction's expectations and deliver everything bilingually.

The SAS (Société par Actions Simplifiée) is the default choice for most international structures: flexible governance, single shareholder allowed, no minimum capital, and works cleanly with foreign holding entities. We assess SARL, SA, SCI on the merits when the situation calls for it.

Yes — communications with a French avocat are protected by the secret professionnel (Article 66-5 of the Law of 31 December 1971). This protection is broader than the common-law attorney-client privilege and applies to written and oral exchanges.

We work on fixed fees for clearly scoped engagements (incorporation, contract drafting, audits) and on monthly retainers for ongoing advisory. Hourly billing is the exception, not the default. You always know the cost before work starts.

Typical timeline is 2–3 weeks from KYC kick-off to RCS registration, assuming standard documentation. Holding-company structures, foreign-shareholder identification or in-kind contributions can extend this — we flag the gating items at the first meeting.

Absolutely. We routinely coordinate with your in-house counsel, expert-comptable or notaire — pragmatic collaboration is the norm, not the exception. We send them everything they need to do their part without duplicating work.

Mariela Petrova

Mariela Petrova

Avocate au Barreau de Paris

Toque #C2396

15+ Years In Corporate Practice

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Communications protected by professional secrecy — secret professionnel de l'avocat, Article 66-5 of the Law of 31 December 1971.

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