Section 4: Borrowings

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Article D6145-70

French Public Health CodeIn force

Updated 31 Oct 2023

The borrowing of public health institutions whose financial situation presents at least two of the following three characteristics is subject to the prior authorisation of the Director General of the Regional Health Agency:

- the financial independence ratio, which results from the ratio of outstanding long-term debt to permanent capital, exceeds 50%;

- the apparent duration of the debt exceeds ten years;

- the outstanding debt, in relation to its total income from all activities, is greater than 30%.

These criteria are calculated on the basis of the financial statements for the institution's last completed financial year, in accordance with the procedures defined by order of the ministers responsible for the budget, health and social security.

The authorisation procedure does not apply to loans with a term of less than twelve months.

The director of the institution submits his application for authorisation together with an updated multi-year global financing plan in order to assess the forecast impact of the proposed loan on the institution's financial equilibrium. If the institution is required to produce a recovery plan in accordance with article L. 6143-3, the Director must present an update of this plan, specifying the resulting debt reduction trajectory.

As soon as the application for authorisation is received, the Director General of the Regional Health Agency refers the matter to the Regional Director of Public Finance for his opinion, who has fifteen days to give his opinion. At the end of this period, the Director General of the Regional Health Agency has one week to notify the director of the establishment of his decision.

Mariela Petrova

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Working with a corporate lawyer in France — Q&A

Any time a strategic decision changes how the company is owned, governed or contractually bound — incorporation, fundraising, M&A, restructuring, shareholder agreements, or major commercial contracts. Earlier engagement always costs less than later remediation.

A notary (notaire) is a public officer who authenticates specific deeds (mainly real-estate transfers and certain family-law acts). A corporate lawyer (avocat) advises on strategy, negotiates and drafts company documents, and represents you in disputes. The two roles complement rather than overlap.

Yes — most of our clients are foreign suppliers, investors or holding entities. We bridge the gap between French law and your home jurisdiction's expectations and deliver everything bilingually.

The SAS (Société par Actions Simplifiée) is the default choice for most international structures: flexible governance, single shareholder allowed, no minimum capital, and works cleanly with foreign holding entities. We assess SARL, SA, SCI on the merits when the situation calls for it.

Yes — communications with a French avocat are protected by the secret professionnel (Article 66-5 of the Law of 31 December 1971). This protection is broader than the common-law attorney-client privilege and applies to written and oral exchanges.

We work on fixed fees for clearly scoped engagements (incorporation, contract drafting, audits) and on monthly retainers for ongoing advisory. Hourly billing is the exception, not the default. You always know the cost before work starts.

Typical timeline is 2–3 weeks from KYC kick-off to RCS registration, assuming standard documentation. Holding-company structures, foreign-shareholder identification or in-kind contributions can extend this — we flag the gating items at the first meeting.

Absolutely. We routinely coordinate with your in-house counsel, expert-comptable or notaire — pragmatic collaboration is the norm, not the exception. We send them everything they need to do their part without duplicating work.

Mariela Petrova

Mariela Petrova

Avocate au Barreau de Paris

Toque #C2396

15+ Years In Corporate Practice

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Communications protected by professional secrecy — secret professionnel de l'avocat, Article 66-5 of the Law of 31 December 1971.

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