Section 3: The status of the sole trader

Articles in this section · 7

Article D526-28

French Commercial codeIn force

Updated 5 Nov 2023

I.-On pain of nullity, the act of renunciation provided for by article L. 526-25 of the French Commercial Code shall contain the following information concerning the sole trader renouncing the protection of his personal assets and the beneficiary of the renunciation:

1° With regard to the sole trader renouncing protection of his personal assets:

. a) The sole trader's name at birth, surname at use, forenames, nationality, date and place of birth and domicile;

b) The professional activity or activities and, if used, the trade name and sign as well as the numbers and codes characterising the activity or activities referred to in 1° to 3° of article R. 123-223;

c) The address of the main establishment where the professional activity is carried out or, if there is no establishment, the address of the residential premises where the company is based;

d) The company's unique identification number, issued in accordance with article D. 123-235 if the entrepreneur is already registered, or, where this is prior to the date of registration, the declared date of commencement of activity;

2° With regard to the beneficiary of the surrender:

a) If the beneficiary of the waiver is a natural person:

-the birth name, surname, forenames, date, place of birth and domicile of the beneficiary of the waiver;

-where applicable, the professional activity or activities carried out, the address of the main establishment where the professional activity is carried out or, in the absence of an establishment, the address of the residential premises where the business is based and, if used, the commercial name and sign as well as the numbers and codes characterising the activity or activities referred to in 1° to 3° of article R. 123-223 and the unique company identification number issued in accordance with article D. 123-235;

b) If the beneficiary of the waiver is a legal entity:

-the company name or corporate name, followed, where applicable, by the acronym and the legal form;

-the address of the registered office or place of business or, failing that, the address of the residential premises where the company is established;

the company's unique identification number, issued in accordance with article D. 123-235;

> -the indication that the beneficiary of the loan has been registered with the company in accordance with article D. 123-235; and -the indication that the beneficiary of the waiver is a credit institution or finance company within the meaning of Article L. 511-1 of the Monetary and Financial Code.

II -Under the same penalty, the waiver must contain the following information about the commitment for which the waiver is requested:

. 1° The date of the undertaking;

> The subject of the undertaking 2° The purpose of the commitment;

3° The due date of the commitment, i.e. the contractual date set for full repayment of the sums due under the commitment, it being specified that this date may be extended either by agreement between the parties or by a court decision;

The amount of the commitment 4° The amount of the commitment or the factors enabling it to be determined; once these factors have been specified in the waiver, they definitively set the maximum amount for which the same waiver is valid;

The date on which the waiver is requested 5° The date on which the waiver is requested;

III. III -The beneficiary of the waiver informs the sole trader of the consequences of the waiver on his assets and liabilities.

IV -Where the sole trader is the beneficiary of the waiver, the sole trader is informed of the consequences of the waiver on his assets and liabilities. IV -Where the sole trader and the beneficiary of the waiver intend to reduce the cooling-off period at the end of which the waiver takes effect, under the conditions set out in the second paragraph of article L. 526-25, the waiver deed must bear the following handwritten note by the sole trader: "I hereby declare that I waive the benefit of the cooling-off period of seven clear days, set in accordance with the provisions of article L. 526-25 of the French Commercial Code. Consequently, this period is reduced to three clear days. "

V.-On pain of nullity, the sole trader and the beneficiary of the waiver must sign the deed, as well as the date and place. Use may be made of a qualified electronic signature meeting the requirements of decree no. 2017-1416 of 28 September 2017 relating to electronic signatures.

Mariela Petrova

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Working with a corporate lawyer in France — Q&A

Any time a strategic decision changes how the company is owned, governed or contractually bound — incorporation, fundraising, M&A, restructuring, shareholder agreements, or major commercial contracts. Earlier engagement always costs less than later remediation.

A notary (notaire) is a public officer who authenticates specific deeds (mainly real-estate transfers and certain family-law acts). A corporate lawyer (avocat) advises on strategy, negotiates and drafts company documents, and represents you in disputes. The two roles complement rather than overlap.

Yes — most of our clients are foreign suppliers, investors or holding entities. We bridge the gap between French law and your home jurisdiction's expectations and deliver everything bilingually.

The SAS (Société par Actions Simplifiée) is the default choice for most international structures: flexible governance, single shareholder allowed, no minimum capital, and works cleanly with foreign holding entities. We assess SARL, SA, SCI on the merits when the situation calls for it.

Yes — communications with a French avocat are protected by the secret professionnel (Article 66-5 of the Law of 31 December 1971). This protection is broader than the common-law attorney-client privilege and applies to written and oral exchanges.

We work on fixed fees for clearly scoped engagements (incorporation, contract drafting, audits) and on monthly retainers for ongoing advisory. Hourly billing is the exception, not the default. You always know the cost before work starts.

Typical timeline is 2–3 weeks from KYC kick-off to RCS registration, assuming standard documentation. Holding-company structures, foreign-shareholder identification or in-kind contributions can extend this — we flag the gating items at the first meeting.

Absolutely. We routinely coordinate with your in-house counsel, expert-comptable or notaire — pragmatic collaboration is the norm, not the exception. We send them everything they need to do their part without duplicating work.

Mariela Petrova

Mariela Petrova

Avocate au Barreau de Paris

Toque #C2396

15+ Years In Corporate Practice

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Communications protected by professional secrecy — secret professionnel de l'avocat, Article 66-5 of the Law of 31 December 1971.

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