Section 1 : General rules on the form of wills.

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Article 972

French Civil CodeIn force

Updated 7 Nov 2023

If the will is received by two notaries, it is dictated to them by the testator; one of these notaries writes it himself or has it written by hand or mechanically.

If there is only one notary, it must also be dictated by the testator; the notary writes it himself or has it written by hand or mechanically.

In all cases, it must be read to the testator.

Where the testator is unable to express himself in French, the dictation and reading may be performed by an interpreter chosen by the testator from the national list of legal experts drawn up by the Cour de cassation or from the list of legal experts drawn up by each court of appeal. The interpreter ensures that the words spoken are accurately translated. The notary is not required to use an interpreter when he himself and, as the case may be, the other notary or the witnesses understand the language in which the testator is speaking.

Where the testator can write in French but cannot speak, the notary writes the will himself or has it written by hand or mechanically from the notes drafted before him by the testator, then reads it out to the testator. Where the testator cannot hear, he takes cognisance of the will by reading it himself, after it has been read by the notary.

Where the testator can neither speak or hear, nor read or write, the dictation or reading is carried out under the conditions described in the fourth paragraph.

Any express mention is made of this.

Mariela Petrova

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Common Questions

Working with a corporate lawyer in France — Q&A

Any time a strategic decision changes how the company is owned, governed or contractually bound — incorporation, fundraising, M&A, restructuring, shareholder agreements, or major commercial contracts. Earlier engagement always costs less than later remediation.

A notary (notaire) is a public officer who authenticates specific deeds (mainly real-estate transfers and certain family-law acts). A corporate lawyer (avocat) advises on strategy, negotiates and drafts company documents, and represents you in disputes. The two roles complement rather than overlap.

Yes — most of our clients are foreign suppliers, investors or holding entities. We bridge the gap between French law and your home jurisdiction's expectations and deliver everything bilingually.

The SAS (Société par Actions Simplifiée) is the default choice for most international structures: flexible governance, single shareholder allowed, no minimum capital, and works cleanly with foreign holding entities. We assess SARL, SA, SCI on the merits when the situation calls for it.

Yes — communications with a French avocat are protected by the secret professionnel (Article 66-5 of the Law of 31 December 1971). This protection is broader than the common-law attorney-client privilege and applies to written and oral exchanges.

We work on fixed fees for clearly scoped engagements (incorporation, contract drafting, audits) and on monthly retainers for ongoing advisory. Hourly billing is the exception, not the default. You always know the cost before work starts.

Typical timeline is 2–3 weeks from KYC kick-off to RCS registration, assuming standard documentation. Holding-company structures, foreign-shareholder identification or in-kind contributions can extend this — we flag the gating items at the first meeting.

Absolutely. We routinely coordinate with your in-house counsel, expert-comptable or notaire — pragmatic collaboration is the norm, not the exception. We send them everything they need to do their part without duplicating work.

Mariela Petrova

Mariela Petrova

Avocate au Barreau de Paris

Toque #C2396

15+ Years In Corporate Practice

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Communications protected by professional secrecy — secret professionnel de l'avocat, Article 66-5 of the Law of 31 December 1971.

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